Windows 7 installation

Today, I'm going to show you how to install Windows 7 on your machine.

Introduction

I have already reviewed Windows 7 Beta in great detail. You're encouraged to read the article, so you can familiarize with some of the changes that Windows 7 brings, including system requirements, memory usage, Windows XP compatibility mode, and other features.

Installing Windows 7 - Step by step

Preparations

Backup

You may be installing Windows 7 on a machine that already has an operating system installed. In that case, you will have to consider what to do with existing data on the disk.
You may want to completely wipe the existing data and start clean. Or you may want to incorporate Windows 7 into the existing setup, whether as a side-by-side installation or an upgrade.Whatever you choose, please make sure your files are safely backed up, so that you do not accidentally, irrecoverably overwrite critical data during the installation.

Installation key

Please make sure you have the Windows 7 installation key available. Without it, you will not be able to install the operating system.

Drivers for the computer hardware

There is no guarantee that Windows 7 built-in set of drivers will include your specific hardware. Therefore, please make sure you have the right drivers available before you start the installation. The drivers usually come on CD/DVDs supplied by the manufacturer with newly purchased hardware. Alternatively, you may also download them from official vendor websites.
Having the drivers available will make sure that after you have installed Windows 7, your system will perform to its fullest. If you meet the above three requirements, we are ready to go.

Boot from Windows 7 DVD

The first step is to place your Windows 7 DVD into the DVD tray and boot the machine. Your computer needs to be configured to boot from DVD. This is done via BIOS. On most computers, the BIOS menu can be accessed by pressing either the F2 or Del keys while the machine is booting.

Once you have completed this stage, Windows 7 will start loading. If you see the below image, you're doing well so far.
After a few moments, you will reach the installation menu. Your first step is to choose the language and the keyboard.

You will be now taken to the Install now menu. We have already prepared for the installation, so you can click Install now and proceed.

The next step is to accept the license agreement.

After this, you will have to decide whether you want to Upgrade an existing installation or perform a Custom (advanced) installation, which is basically creating a new copy of Windows.
We will discuss multiple boots in a separate tutorial. For now, if you are interested, you may want to explore a Dual boot tutorial that tackles this issue from the Linux side, with a Linux distribution being installed alongside Windows XP. In the soon-to-come multiple-boot tutorial, I will address the installation of Windows 7 alongside other Windows (XP and 7), as well as Linux.

Personally, I recommend you install a new copy. Fresh installations are always better. Your machine starts in a pristine state and does not rely on old leftovers.

Partitioning

The next step is to choose where you want to install Windows 7. This is probably the most important part of the entire installation, so you need to be very careful here and make the right choices.

We only have a 20GB unallocated space on our disk, so we have no dilemma. However, it is possible that you may have other partitions from previous installations present, or you may have created a custom partitioning setup before starting Windows 7 installation using a third-party partitioning software, like GParted. We will soon this discuss in greater detail. For now, let us create our Windows 7 partitions.
Inexperienced users can simply highlight the unallocated space and click Next. The partitioning layout will be created for them. However, we want to explore additional features. To this end, we need to expand the Drive options (advanced).

You now have the option to create new partitions, format them with a desired filesystem, change the size of existing or newly created partition (Extend), or delete them. The Load Driver function is usually necessary if you want to create more complex setups like RAID, but this is currently beyond the scope of this tutorial.
We will create a new partition. According to official system requirements, Windows 7 needs 16GB of free space. However, you can do with less. The minimum recommended space for a partition where you want to place Windows 7 is 10350MB. Eventually, the installation itself will take approx. 7GB.
Just for your information, here's a snippet of what would happen if you try to install Windows 7 on a partition that does not meet the minimum expected size limit:

This does not mean your installation won't succeed. It might, but why risk it?
We will create a 14GB partition:

Windows 7 installer will now tell you that it will have to create an additional partition for the core system files. This will be a small primary partition ahead of your newly created one.

This is what it looks like:

Important technical bits to pay attention to!

We now have a system partition and a primary partition, plus some free space. In purely technical terms, there is no such thing as a partition of the type system. There are only two types of partitions: primary and logical. The above-mentioned partition is a primary partition.
In total, there can only be up to four primary partitions on any physical disk. Windows 7, by itself, creates and uses at least two primary partitions. If we created another partition in the free space, it would too, become a primary partition.
Some quick math, this means that if we want to have more than two Windows 7 installations side by side, we don't have enough partitions available.

Recommendation:

Use a third-party partitioning tool to create a partition layout beforehand. This will allow you to place Windows 7 files on a logical partition, saving yourself the precious commodity of wasting primary partitions on what is essentially non-system data. We will see this example in a separate tutorial.

If you're using ONLY Windows 7 to create a partition layout on your system, then you should just create a partition with a sufficient size to hold the Windows 7 data files and nothing else. The system partition will be added. Leave the handling of any unpartitioned, free space after the installation.

Begin installation

If you're comfortable with your setup, highlight the created partition and click Next. Windows 7 will be installed to this partition. Depending on your hardware, this can take some time. My testing shows approx. 30-40 minutes.

During the installation, your computer may restart several times. Let it be.

User settings

Eventually, you will be asked to provide your username and a computer name. You will also have to password-protect your account. This is most advisable. You should opt for a strong password.

Activation

The next step is to activate your Windows. Grab your key and type it here.

Updates

You will be asked to configure your updates. You can choose either setting you like. However, I recommend you configure this choice later, after Windows 7 is installed and running properly.
We will discuss this separately in the Windows 7 security tutorial. Therefore, I will choose Ask me later, but you may want to go for either the first or the second option, as you see fit.

Time zone

Configure your time zone:

Location

Your location will determine the firewall settings for your newly installed Windows 7. You have three choices: home, work or public network. Home and work networks are supposed to be trusted, so you should not experience any problems adding other machines to your group or sharing data with them.
However, the public network is meant to be untrusted. So if you have installed Windows 7 in, let's say, Internet cafe, then you should choose the third option.

Congratulations!

Congratulations, you have just successfully installed Windows 7.

Conclusion

Installing Windows 7 is not that difficult. The installation is more streamlined and user-friendly compared to Windows XP, however some of the options are more restrictive, like the partitioning, for example.
Overall, it's a simple procedure that should take you no more than an hour to complete. Of course, once the installation is done, there's the long post-install setup, where you should customize the looks of your new desktop, determine the security settings, and choose the programs you want to install and use.
We will talk about getting familiarized and comfortable with using Windows 7 in the following tutorials. Our second article will deal with the most important aspect of system configuration after the installation - security.
Cheers!

Copyrights : dedoimedo

How to install Ubuntu 11.04 on external hard disk

Showed how to install Ubuntu 11.04 on a portable USB hard drive. This tutorial, written for Ubuntu 11.10, takes it a step further by showing how to add an NTFS partition at the end of an external drive – after installing Ubuntu.
It is a very simple process, but if you a new to this, and need some hand-holding doing it, this tutorial should be all you need.
To start, you need to, if you have not already done so, download an installation image of Ubuntu 11.10 from here. And of course, you need an external USB drive attached to the computer that you are going to use. So, burn the image you downloaded to a CD and boot the computer from it.
Note: This tutorial was written for Ubuntu 11.10, but may also be used if you want to install Ubuntu 12.04 or any other Linux distribution based on Ubuntu Desktop to an external hard drive.
When the computer boots, you may start the installer prior to it booting into the Live desktop, or from the Live desktop. Click through the first few steps of the installer until you get to the step shown in the image below. Because installing Ubuntu on an external hard drive requires creating partitions manually, select the last option – Something else. Click Continue.

That will bring you to the Advanced partitioning tool. If, as the case with mine, the computer you are using for this installation has only one hard disk in it, the external hard disk should be listed as /dev/sdb. And if there are any existing partitions, they will be listed below it. Delete them: Select each one and click Delete.

After the delete operation, the window should look just like the one below. Time to start partitioning the external hard drive. If you are new to disk partitioning in Linux, it is recommended that you read guide to disks and disk partitions in Linux. Manual disk partitioning guide for Ubuntu 11.04 is also recommended. Though written for Ubuntu 11.04, it is also useful for Ubuntu 11.10, because the installers are the same.
Objective: Create three partitions for Ubuntu. These will be for the boot partition, / (the root partition), and Swap. In the process, leave enough disk space at the end. That free space will be used to create the NTFS partition. That NTFS partition will be configured from Windows, so it helps if you have a Windows system.
To start creating partitions, select the free space of sdb and click Add.

The first partition will the boot partition. A disk space of 500 MB is more than enough for this partition. Ext4 is the file system, and be sure to select /boot for the mount point. Note: For this tutorial, all three partitions will be created as primary partitions, but you may use the default, which creates the first partition as primary and the rest as logical partitions. Click OK.

For the second partition, which will be mounted at /, assign as much disk space as you want to use for Ubuntu. Ext4 is also the file system, though, you may use btrfs or any other supported file system. OK. For help with btrfs on Ubuntu, consider reading how to install Ubuntu 11.04 on a btrfs file system.

For the third and the last partition, for Swap, about 4 GB is good. Select “swap area” from the “Use as” dropdown menu. OK.

With all the partitions created, the advanced partitioning tool window should now look like this. Note the free space under sdb. That will be used for the NTFS partition. Because the installer will want to install GRUB, the boot loader, in the MBR of the internal hard drive, sda, the next task is to select sdb, the external hard drive, from the “Device for boot loader installation” dropdown menu.

After making that change to the boot loader device, the window should look like this. Click Install Now to continue with the rest of the installation.

Though not required, at the step shown in the image below, you might want to enable the option to encrypt your home folder. That is the only feature of the installer that you can use to protect your data, if you lose the external drive or if it is stolen.


After Ubuntu has installed successfully, test the system to make sure that you can boot from the external disk. If everything worked, connect the external disk to a system running Windows. For this tutorial, I connected mine to a system running Windows 7. The goal here, is to create an NTFS partition using the free space left at the end of the external hard drive.
To start, launch the partition manager . If you do not know how to click to it from the menu, type “partitions” into the menu’s search field. Click on the result. That should open Disk Management tool. If there is only one internal hard drive in the computer, which should be listed as Disk 0, you should see the external disk listed as Disk 1. And the free space at the end of its partitions labeled “Unallocated.” To create an NTFS partition from “Unallocated,” right-click on it and select “New Simple Volume.”

Click Next.

If you want to use all the available space, click Next.

Assign a drive letter. Next.

The default file system should be NTFS. Change the “Volume label” to suit. Next.

Click Finish.

The new partition should appear as you labeled it. Close the window.

When you reboot into the external drive and open Nautilus, the file manager, you should see the NTFS partition listed on the side panel.

And you can then transfer file to it.

And be able to see those file from Windows when the external drive is connected to a computer running Windows. You can also transfer files to it from Windows, and still be able to see those files from Ubuntu.



Copyed From : LinuxBSDos.com

What's Ubuntu ??

Lets see the history first. Linux a well established server operating system of 2004 created a free operating system for non-technical person. Linux refers to the family of UNIX-Like computer operating system using the Linux kernel. In 2004 Mark Shuttleworth started a project along with his fellow developers and called it Ubuntu.

UBUNTU a Linux based operating system with its origins in South Africa. It means "humanity towards other".This project is aimed at creating one of the easiest operating systems on the planet using Linux as its base. Ubuntu creators at the parent company canonical have pledged to always keep the OS free.

Those who are crazy for computing ,Linux is something which they take pride of being a user of , and loves its freedom and flexibility . the most popular among all the Linux distribution is Ubuntu because of its ease of use and great visual effects. Ubuntu is also popular because of availability of free software of all varieties. More than 12 million people are using the desktop version of Ubuntu. This is about 50 % of total Linux users in world. There are many types of Ubuntu namely Kubuntu, Edubuntu, myth Ubuntu and Ubuntu studio.

UBUNTU can be used by anyone, Students or developers .Ubuntu comes with almost all software which required by a normal computer users. For home users who enjoys using computer for entertainment , messaging , goggling and surfing. Ubuntu comes all of this it has also got "banshee" a great music player. Empathy for replacement of gtalk and facebook chat. libreoffice for office works. It has got Firefox and chromium for web surfing and transmission and qbittoorent for your torrent needs. The typical 'office user fills data into spreadsheets , creates presentations or types a letter .all these needs are easily fulfilled by libreoffice. For hardcore gamers like me, you need to install free softwares like wine and Playonlinux to run your favorite games like NFS,fifa and crysis.

From 2004 till now Ubuntu developers upgrade the OS in every 6 months. List of all Ubuntu OS are

Version	Code name	Release date
4.10	Warty Warthog	2004-10-20
5.04	Hoary Hedgehog	2005-04-08
5.10	Breezy Badger	2005-10-13
6.06	Dapper Drake	2006-06-01
6.10	Edgy Eft	2006-10-26
7.04	Feisty Fawn	2007-04-19
7.10	Gutsy Gibbon	2007-10-18
8.04	Hardy Heron	2008-04-24
8.10	Intrepid Ibex	2008-10-30
9.04	Jaunty Jackalope	2009-04-23
9.10	Karmic Koala	2009-10-29
10.04	Lucid Lynx	2010-04-29
10.10	Maverick Meerkat	2010-10-10
11.04	Natty Narwhal	2011-04-28
11.10	Oneiric Ocelot	2011-10-13

                               

                           Ubuntu is genuinely a free OS .Yes we don't have any activation request and no suggestions for pay for update and you have a rich set of software available.

Some Thing You Have To Know

10 Things to Do After Installing Ubuntu 12.04

Before you dive on in to explore, be sure to take some time out to follow our bi-annual rundown of the best post-install tips and tricks Click Me 

 

 Why is Vim no longer installed in 12.04 desktops and is there a better alternative?

 Usually, packages are removed from the default installation due to space constraint. CDs are limited ( and so does DVD ), and there is pressure to add more translations, to support more hardware ( especially with big binary blobs like the Nvidia driver ), etc.

So usually, packagers take a look at what can be safely removed ( ie, without removing important use case of a default distribution ). In the case of vim, there is already gedit and nano to fill the position and I would say that people who use vim are able to install it from the archive without much problem.

So That You All Have To Install Vim Through Command Mode.  Using Internet Connection.

Further Details : Click_Me

Difference between vi/vim?

vim is almost a proper superset of vi. So, everything that is in vi is available in vim. Vim adds onto those features. Here are a few of the extended vim features that I have come to rely on: Vim has been ported to a much wider range of OS's than vi. Vim includes support (syntax highlighting, code folding, etc) for several popular programming languages (C/C++, Python, Perl, shell, etc). Vim integrates with cscope. Vim can be used to edit files using network protocols like SSH and HTTP. Vim includes multilevel undo/redo. Vim allows the screen to be split for editing multiple files. Vim can edit files inside a compressed archive (gzip, zip, tar, etc). Vim includes a built in diff for comparing files (vimdiff). Vim includes support for plugins, and finer control over config and startup files. Vim can be scripted with vimscript, or with an external scripting language (e.g. python, perl, shell). There are many more differences. Here are a couple of good places to start finding out more. http://www.vim.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)

  

TCP/IP_Videos

How a packet moves through network Difference between a Hub and a Switch

IP Addresses and Subnetting 1:5 IP Addresses and Subnetting 1:2 IP Addresses and Subnetting 1:3 IP Addresses and Subnetting 1:4 IP Addresses and Subnetting 1:5 TCP/IP the Movie Part 1 TCP/IP the Movie Part 2 How the internet works

Speed up Internet Explorer 10 in Windows 8 Via Registry Tweak

Your Internet Explorer 10 is too slow? Let’s speed up IE10 and make it blazing fast!



Windows Internet Explorer or IE (abbreviated) was developed by Microsoft. It is a web browser and was released in 1995. It is one of the most popular web browsers today.
In Windows 8 IE 10 is more than just a browser. When a new tab will be opened a start screen with frequently visited websites or pinned websites will be opened.
In case your IE has slowed down you can try the following things.

Steps to speed up IE10

First see how you can open internet explorer.
There are many ways to do it.
1. You can open it from desktop by clicking the icon.

2. You can start it using from “run” also. Press window+R. Run window will appear. No write iexplore & click ok.

Now you can try the following things for faster performance

A. Disable Add-ons

Loading a lot of add-ons during startup may cause IE10 to slow down. Disable unnecessary add-ons.
After IE has opened go to Tools->Manage add-ons (in case you can’t see the menu bar press F10)

Now select unnecessary add-ons & disable them.

B. By increasing maximum number of connections per Server

IE 7 and below are bound to maximum 2 connections per server. That means you can download maximum two files from one particular website at a time. IE 8 raised
this limit up to 6. IE 10 is more flexible. Here you will come to know how to increase number of simultaneous HTTP connections to 10. This will make the loading of web pages faster.
1. Open registry by writing “regedit” in “run” prompt.

2. Now navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings. Let’s see how to go there :
Click HKEY_CURRENT_USER

Click Software.

Expand Microsoft.

Click Windows

Click Current Version.

After ,expanding “Current Version you will see a folder “Internet Settings”.
2. Now, right click on it.
Go to New->DWORD (32-bit) Value

The following screen will appear.

3. Now, edit “New Value #1″ & write MaxConnectionsPer1_0Server

4. Double click on newly created entry. Edit screen will appear. Select Decimal & in the Value data box write 10.
That means at a time 10 files can be downloaded from server.

Restart your PC & you will see the effect.

C. Clear temporary files & history

In a long run temporary files get piled up. So it is useful to delete them in some time interval.
1. Go to Tools->Internet options.

2. Click Delete in General tab.

3. Select all (or you can leave some) & Delete.

D. Clean & defrag hard disk

Sometimes defragging your hard disk can optimize the entire systems performance.
Download Advanced system care & install.
Use this tool to optimize your entire system.

E. Use TCP optimizer

TCP optimizer can help you to improve performance of internet browser.
Download Tcp Optimizer.

This Stuff Copied From http://windows8themes.org